Imported from tenstorrent/tt-metal (tt_metal/tt-llk/.claude/skills/mailbox-sync-audit/SKILL.md). Install upstream with npx skills add tenstorrent/tt-metal --skill mailbox-sync-audit. Copyright stays with the author.

/mailbox-sync-audit — RISC↔RISC mailbox handshake correctness

Ground-truth precedence: the live ISA doc (tt-isa-docs MCP, fetched each run) outranks every rule, table, and example baked into this skill — treat those as dated illustrations. If the live ISA doc contradicts a baked rule here, do NOT silently proceed: surface the conflict to the user and ask whether the baked rule should be overwritten, discarded, or kept. Default to the ISA doc.

MANDATORY — before any verdict, read the shared grounding policy. The per-architecture source ladder (which docs to consult), the ground-or-abstain rule, and the Source preflight (list the sources you'll consult with their reachability + hierarchy, then PAUSE for the user) are defined once in race-audit-all → .claude/skills/race-audit-all/SKILL.md. Your FIRST action is to Read that file and follow its "Ground-truth source ladder", "Ground-or-abstain", and "Source preflight" sections — they are load-bearing: a verdict produced without them is ungrounded and MUST NOT be reported. If that file genuinely cannot be read, say so and abstain rather than proceed ungrounded. (If you were spawned by a race-audit-all sweep — your prompt already lists the confirmed sources — skip the Source preflight and do not pause; the orchestrator ran it once.)

Coverage — floor, not ceiling. The grep patterns and site lists in this skill are a seed, not an exhaustive enumeration. After running them, widen the search with full reasoning. The techniques here are illustrative examples, not the allowed set — use any approach your reasoning suggests, including ones not listed: e.g. semantic search (by behavior/effect, not just token), resolving macros / wrappers / typedefs / indirection the literal pattern can't match, following the call graph to callers and callees, and diffing the WH/BH/QSR variants to catch a site present in one arch and missing in another. If you can find a hazard, primitive, or site the encoded patterns don't cover — by any means — pursue and report it; do not clamp a stronger analysis to this list or to these techniques. State any residual coverage gaps explicitly (no silent caps).

Execution — parallel by default. When enumeration yields more than a few sites/files, fan out concurrent Agent calls by default (one per file/subsystem, a fresh context each), saturating the available concurrency (~10–16 at once); go inline only for a trivial set. The per-file fan-out described under Thoroughness is the default, not an exhaustive-only option. The cross-referencing/synthesis of results stays sequential (it must follow the per-unit findings). The heavyweight Workflow tool still requires explicit multi-agent opt-in — it is the opt-in exhaustive tier, not the default. Don't over-spawn a tiny diff.

Persisting results — single writer, incremental. Agents only return their findings; they never write a shared file (no concurrent-write clobbering). If findings are persisted to a file, the orchestrator/caller is the sole writer and appends each wave's returns as they arrive — incremental, never only-at-the-end — so an interrupt preserves every completed wave's findings.

Recall preflight — run the llk-audit tool first (augmentor, not a verdict)

Get the deterministic in-tree candidate list before manual analysis (it enumerates every in-tree mailbox FIFO endpoint and pairs writers with readers of the same directed channel):

tt_metal/tt-llk/.claude/tools/llk-audit/run.sh <wormhole|blackhole|quasar> --checks mailbox-sync
# from the tt-metal repo root; do NOT cd into the tool dir (run.sh self-locates)
# PR-scoped: add --changed [BASE] (default main) to report only findings touching a changed file.
# candidates: out/audit.<arch>.json -> .checks["mailbox-sync"].findings

PAIRED_CHANNEL = a FIFO endpoint whose opposite end (writer↔reader) is present in tt-llk; UNPAIRED_ENDPOINT = a resolved channel with no in-tree partner (the partner is likely in the compute-API/kernel tier, OR a real imbalance); UNRESOLVED_ENDPOINT = the issuing thread isn't derivable from the file (e.g. ckernel_debug.h). All are candidates. The tool recalls only the IN-TREE (tt-llk) surface. All mailbox use OUTSIDE tt-llk is NOT tool-recalled — the compute-API sites (hw/inc/api) and, crucially, the hand-written ckernel::mailbox_write(...) in ttnn//models/ kernels (one-to-one directed channels AND fan-outs; the CB tile-address/value broadcast is just one pattern). That surface is covered by run.sh --full-jit only when the kernel tier is actually run with a capture (mailbox IS part of that committed tier — cb-sync / noc-sync / mailbox-sync — but it needs a build log or a device/sim to capture kernels). Without a capture run it is audited by THIS skill via the widened grep in the Method below, so you must run that grep (it reaches ttnn/models), not rely on the tool. Pairing here is a static same-channel match, NOT a balance/symmetry/overflow/ordering verdict. It never clears a site; you decide. If no capture was run, proceed manually.

The bug class (precise)

Mailboxes are point-to-point FIFOs between pairs of baby-RISCV cores (T0/unpack, T1/math, T2/pack, B) — a sync path entirely separate from Tensix semaphores (semaphore-handshake-audit), config registers, and MMIO. A misused mailbox → deadlock (blocking read on an empty FIFO that never gets written, or a writer stalled forever on a full FIFO) or stale/lost data (ordering to other memory not enforced by default — see the fence note below).

Ground-truth HW semantics (confirm via tt-isa-docs MCP: BabyRISCV/Mailboxes.md)

• 16 directed FIFOs: one from each of {B,T0,T1,T2} to each. None to/from NC. Each is single-writer / single-reader / order-preserving.
• Depth = 4 32-bit values per FIFO; aggregate 4 across all four FIFOs a given core can write to. Pushing beyond that spills to a shared buffer and then stalls the writer until space frees.
• Read of an empty FIFO BLOCKS (no read-response until a write arrives) — this blocking pop is the handshake. A non-blocking "is anything present?" query is the address & 4 form (mailbox_not_empty, reading mailbox_base[t][1]).
• Addressing is asymmetric and resolved by HW from (issuing core, index, read-vs-write). Convention the LLK follows: write with the DESTINATION thread id, read with the SOURCE thread id — mailbox_write(dest) on the source core and mailbox_read(src) on the dest core name the same physical FIFO. (ThreadId: Unpack=1/T0, Math=2/T1, Pack=3/T2; mailbox_base[idx] → TENSIX_MAILBOX{idx}_BASE.) So writer-index ≠ reader-index for the same channel — do not flag that asymmetry as a bug.
• RISC stores to different regions are unordered by default; a plain fence does not fix it (MemoryOrdering.md, arch-divergent): on WH fence is a no-op; on BH fence drains the store queue and flushes the L0 data cache but still does not guarantee a prior store to a different region was processed ("reordering can still occur … if the first request is a store and the two requests target different memory regions"). Either way a mailbox access is not ordered against other memory by default — use a read-back fence (check 5/6).

LLK primitives (ckernel.h)

• mailbox_write(thread, data) → mailbox_base[thread][0] = data (push, RISC store).
• mailbox_read(thread) → mailbox_base[thread][0] (blocking pop, RISC load).
• mailbox_not_empty(thread) → mailbox_base[thread][1] > 0 (non-blocking query).
• (debug_mailbox_base / record_mailbox_value / clear_mailbox_values are the debug scratch mailbox in L1 — a different thing; not a sync FIFO.)

What to check

1. Push/pop balance per directed channel. Each mailbox_write(dest) on the source must be matched 1:1 by a mailbox_read(src) on the destination, over any complete iteration. Imbalance → reader blocks on empty (deadlock) or writer stalls at full (after 4 unconsumed).

2. Call-count symmetry across threads (the deadlock trap). The broadcast pattern relies on all participating threads invoking the same function the same number of times. In the compute API this is guaranteed because one symmetric call is split by the UNPACK()/MATH()/PACK() macros. Flag any control-flow path where one thread issues the write (or read) but a peer conditionally skips its half — that desyncs the FIFO. This is the cross-layer analog of semaphore post/get imbalance: a user kernel can introduce it even when the LLK is correct.

3. Direction / single-writer-single-reader. Confirm each channel has exactly one writer and one reader. Two readers popping one FIFO would race (each value goes to only one). Verify via the write-dest/read-src convention that math vs pack read different FIFOs (T0→T1 vs T0→T2), not the same one.

4. Overflow. Depth-4; if a producer can push >4 without the consumer popping, the writer stalls. Confirm steady-state is ≤ depth (normally 1-deep).

5. Ordering (a plain fence is insufficient). If a mailbox handshake is used to imply that other memory is ready (e.g. "wrote tile data to L1, then signal via mailbox"), the producer needs explicit ordering (a read-back fence) — the mailbox write alone does not fence the prior store. SAFE when the mailbox only carries a self-contained value consumed by data dependency AND data readiness is enforced by separate sync (CB/NOC). Flag any site that leans on the mailbox to order unrelated memory.

6. Signal-before-blocking-write ordering + completion fence (deadlock). When a producer notifies a consumer through two mechanisms in the same function — a semaphore_post (consumer-release) AND a mailbox_write carrying related data — two things must hold:

   • (a) Issue order: the semaphore_post must come before the mailbox_write. mailbox_write stalls the producer when the FIFO is full (depth-4), so issuing it first can wedge the producer on a full FIFO before it posts, while the consumer is still blocked on the un-posted semaphore and never drains the mailbox → deadlock.
   • (b) Completion fence: program order alone is NOT enough — RISC stores to different regions are not ordered against each other, and a plain fence does not fix it (a no-op on WH; on BH it drains the store queue but not to processed). Force the post to actually land before the mailbox write with a read-back fence: store-then-load the semaphore's pc_buf_base[PC_BUF_SEMAPHORE_BASE + <sem>] address and consume the loaded value (e.g. andi x0, <load>, 0) between the post and the write.

   Canonical correct form (_llk_unpack_get_tile_): semaphore_post(UNPACK_OPERAND_SYNC) → read-back fence on that semaphore → mailbox_write(<consumer>, byte_address). Flag both the reversed order and a post that lacks a completion fence ahead of the mailbox write.

Method

1. Enumerate every site (exclude the debug-scratch mailbox). Scan the KERNEL layer too, not just tt-llk — hand-written ckernel::mailbox_write(...) in ttnn//models/ kernels (e.g. the matmul in0 receiver/sender broadcasting is_batch_valid to Unpack/Math/Pack) is where a call-count-symmetry or ordering deadlock most easily hides, and it is invisible to a tt-llk-only search:

   # from the repo root
   grep -rInE '\bmailbox_(write|read|not_empty)\(' \
        tt_metal/tt-llk tt_metal/hw/inc/api ttnn models 2>/dev/null \
     | grep -vE 'record_mailbox|clear_mailbox|debug_mailbox|mailbox_base\[|inline |^[[:space:]]*//' | grep -v /tests/

2. Per site, decode the channel via the convention (writer's dest id + issuing thread → directed FIFO; reader's src id + issuing thread → same FIFO). Pair writes with reads. Each mailbox_write is its OWN one-to-one directed channel — a fan-out (write to Math AND Pack) is several independent channels, not one broadcast; check each.
3. Run checks 1–5. For balance/symmetry, read the enclosing function and confirm all threads reach it equally (watch if constexpr/runtime branches and the UNPACK/MATH/PACK split).

Verdict

• Balanced 1:1 per channel, symmetric across threads, 1-writer/1-reader, ≤depth, value self-contained (no cross-memory ordering assumed) → SAFE.
• A reachable path where write and read counts diverge across threads → DEADLOCK (blocking-read hang or full-FIFO stall).
• Mailbox used to imply other memory is ready, with no explicit ordering → ORDERING-RACE (a plain fence does not order it; needs a read-back fence).
• A (blocking) mailbox_write issued before the semaphore_post/credit that releases the consumer → DEADLOCK-ORDERING — producer can stall on a full FIFO before signalling, consumer waits on the un-posted release. Fix = post the release signal first, then write the mailbox.
• Risk only on a user-kernel / cross-layer path, LLK itself balanced → LATENT — say so; it's an author-level invariant.

Architecture note

WH/BH share the model (ISA confirms both); the compute-API files (circular_buffer.h, cb_api.h) are arch-agnostic, so the same usage applies across arches — verify Quasar's mailbox HW semantics before extending verdicts there.

Verified non-bugs (don't re-flag)

• CB tile address/value broadcast (tt_metal/hw/inc/api/dataflow/circular_buffer.h, tt_metal/hw/inc/api/compute/cb_api.h, get_tile_address/read_tile_value): unpack(T0) mailbox_write(MathThreadId) + mailbox_write(PackThreadId) → two distinct FIFOs (T0→T1, T0→T2); math reads T0→T1, pack reads T0→T2 via mailbox_read(UnpackThreadId). 1 push / 1 pop each per call, value consumed by data dependency, symmetric via the macro split. SAFE.
• Unpack-to-dest dst_index: math cmath_common.h mailbox_write(UnpackThreadId, dst_index) (T1→T0) ↔ unpack cunpack_common.h mailbox_read(MathThreadId) (T1→T0), both gated on unpack_destination == DestReg. Matched pair. SAFE.
• Debug halt/unhalt (ckernel_debug.h dbg_thread_halt/dbg_thread_unhalt): unpack→math idle-notify (T0→T1) + math→unpack unhalt (T1→T0), 1 write / 1 read each side, blocking. Debug-only. SAFE.

Output

For each mailbox site: file:line, decoded directed channel (src→dst FIFO), the matching read/write site, push/pop balance + cross-thread call-count symmetry, 1-writer/1-reader check, overflow check, ordering check, verdict (SAFE / DEADLOCK / ORDERING-RACE / LATENT) with one-line reasoning + fix. End with the channel map and totals per verdict per arch.